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Isabel Lacruz is Professor of Spanish, Spanish Translation, and Translation Studies. She holds a PhD in Experimental Psychology (Cognitive) from 91�ֿ� and has professional experience as a translator and community interpreter. She conducts experimental research into the mental processes involved in translation, including post-editing of machine translated text. She has published several peer-reviewed empirical and theoretical papers investigating the cognitive basis of the translation process.

Publications

Edited volumes:

Lacruz, I. (Ed.). (2023). Translation in transition: Human and machine intelligence. ATA Scholarly Monograph Series. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Lacruz, I., & Jääskeläinen, R. (Eds.). (2018). Innovation and expansion in translation process research. Volume XVIII of the American Translators Association Scholarly Monograph series. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Koby, G., & Lacruz, I. (Eds.). (2018). Translator quality – Translation quality: Empirical approaches to assessment and evaluation [Special issue]. Linguistica Antverpiensia, New Series – Themes in Translation Studies, 16 (229 pp.)

Alves, F., Hurtado-Albir, A., & Lacruz, I. (Eds.). (2015). Translation as a cognitive activity [Special Issue on Cognition and Behavior]. Translation Spaces, 4(1). (187 pp.) DOI: 

Peer-Reviewed book chapters and journal articles:

Lacruz, I. (2023). Translation in transition: Human and machine intelligence. In I. Lacruz (Ed.), Translation in transition: Human and machine intelligence. ATA Scholarly Monograph Series, John Benjamins.

Lu, Z., Sun J., Lacruz I., Li, J, Fan L., & Zhou, B. (2023). An eye-tracking study of cognitive effort required in human translation compared with post-editing. In I. Lacruz (Ed.), Translation in transition: Human and machine intelligence. ATA Scholarly Monograph Series, John Benjamins.

Neveu, A., & Lacruz I. (2023). Early processes in reading for translation: A micro-scale study in the CRITT TPR-DB. In I. Lacruz (Ed.), Translation in transition: Human and machine intelligence. ATA Scholarly Monograph Series, John Benjamins.

Lacruz, I., Ogawa, H., Yoshida R., Yamada, M., & Ruiz Martinez, D. (2021). Using a product metric to identify differential cognitive effort in translation from Japanese to English and Spanish. To appear in M. Carl (Ed.), Advances in empirical translation process research. Machine Translation: Technologies and Applications. SpringerLink.

Carl, M., Tonge, A., & Lacruz, I. (2019). A system theory perspective on the translation process. Translation, Cognition & Behavior, 2(2), 211-232.

Lacruz, I., Carl, M., & Yamada, M. (2018). Literality and cognitive effort: Japanese and Spanish. Proceedings, Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC 2018), Miyazaki (Japan), May 7-12. (pp. 3818-3821)

Koby, G., & Lacruz, I.  (2018). The thorny problem of translation and interpreting quality.” In G. Koby & I. Lacruz (Eds.), “Translator quality – Translation quality: Empirical approaches to assessment and evaluation [Special issue]. Linguistica Antverpiensia, New Series – Themes in Translation Studies, 16 (pp. 1-12).

Lacruz, I. (2018). An experimental investigation of stages of processing in post-editing. In I. Lacruz & R. Jääskeläinen (Eds.), Innovation and expansion in translation process research. Volume XVIII of the American Translators Association Scholarly Monograph series. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Shreve, G. M., Angelone, E., & Lacruz, I. (2018). Are expertise and translation competence the same? Psychological reality and the theoretical status of competence. In I. Lacruz & R. Jääskeläinen (Eds.), Innovation and expansion in translation process research. Volume XVIII of the American Translators Association Scholarly Monograph series. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Jääskeläinen, R., & Lacruz, I. (2018). Translation – cognition – affect – and beyond: Reflections on an expanding field of research. In I. Lacruz & R. Jääskeläinen (Eds.), Innovation and expansion in translation process research. Volume XVIII of the American Translators Association Scholarly Monograph series. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Lacruz, I. (2017). Cognitive effort in translation, editing and post-editing. In J. Schwieter & A. Ferreira (Eds.), Handbook of translation and cognition (pp. 386–401). Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons.

Shreve, G. M., & Lacruz, I. (2017). Aspects of a cognitive model of translation. In J. Schwieter & A. Ferreira (Eds.), Handbook of translation and cognition (pp. 127–143). Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons.

Schaeffer, M., Carl, M., Lacruz, I., & Aizawa, A. (2016). Measuring cognitive translation effort with activity units. Baltic Journal of Modern Computing, 4(2), (pp. 331–345).

Lacruz, I., Carl, M., Yamada, M., & Aizawa, A. (2016). Pause metrics and machine translation utility. Proceedings from 22^nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Natural Language Processing (NLP 2016), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, March 7–10, (pp. 1213–1216). Japan: Association for Natural Language Processing.

Carl, M., Lacruz, I., Yamada, M., & Aizawa, A. (2016a). Comparing spoken and written translation with post-editing in the ENJA15 English à Japanese translation corpus. Proceedings from 22^nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Natural Language Processing (NLP 2016), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, March 7–10, (pp. 1209–1212). Japan: Association for Natural Language Processing.

Carl, M., Lacruz, I., Yamada, M., & Aizawa, A. (2016b). Measuring the translation process. Proceedings from 22^nd Annual Meeting of the Society for Natural Language Processing (NLP 2016), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, March 7–10, (pp. 957–960). Japan: Association for Natural Language Processing.

Alves, F., Hurtado-Albir, A., & Lacruz, I. (2015). Introduction. In F. Alves, A. Hurtado-Albir, & I. Lacruz (Eds.), Translation as a cognitive activity [Special Issue on Cognition and Behavior]. Translation Spaces, 4(1), (pp. 1–8).

Hurtado-Albir, A., Alves, F., Englund Dimitrova, B., & Lacruz, I. (2015). A retrospective and prospective view of translation research from an empirical, experimental, and cognitive perspective: The TREC network. In M. Giozza, R. Jääskeläinen, C. Mellinger, & P. Rodriguez Inés. (Eds.), Translation Process Research [Special Issue]. Translation and Interpreting, 7(1), (pp. 5–25).

Schwartz, L., Lacruz, I., & Bystrova, T. (2015). Effects of word alignment visualization on post-editing quality and speed.” In Y. Al-Onaizan & W. Lewis (Eds.), Proceedings from MT Summit XV, Vol. 1: MT Researchers’ Track, (pp. 186–199). http://bit.ly/2qwwLe9

Lacruz, I. (2014). Cognates as a window into the translator’s mind. In J. Schwieter & A. Ferreira (Eds.) The development of translation competence: Theories and methodologies from psycholinguistics and cognitive science (pp. 287–314). Newcastle upon Tyne (UK): Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Lacruz, I., & Shreve, G. M. (2014). Pauses and cognitive effort in post-editing. In S. O’Brien, L. Balling, M. Carl, M. Simard & L. Specia (Eds.), Post-editing: Processes, technology and applications (pp. 246–272). Newcastle upon Tyne (UK): Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Shreve, G. M., & Lacruz, I.(2014). Translation as a higher order cognitive process. In C. Porter & S. Bermann (Eds.), A companion to translation studies (pp. 107–118). Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons.

Shreve, G. M., Angelone, E., & Lacruz, I. (2014). Efficacy of screen recording in the other-revision of translations: Episodic memory and event models. In R. Muñoz Martín (Ed.), Minding Translation [Special Issue 1]. Monographs in Translation and Interpreting (MonTI), (pp. 225–246).

Lacruz, I., Denkowski, M., & Lavie, A. (2014). Cognitive effort and cognitive demand in post-editing. In S. O’Brien, M. Simard, & L. Specia (Eds.), Proceedings from Third Workshop on Post-Editing Technology and Practice, The 11^th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation of the Americas, Vancouver, BC, October 22–26, (pp. 73–87). http://bit.ly/2qCV3P8

Denkowski, M., Lavie, A., Lacruz, I., & Dyer, C. (2014a). Real time adaptive machine translation: cdec and TransCenterhttps. In S. O’Brien, M. Simard, & L. Specia (Eds.), Proceedings from Third Workshop on Post-Editing Technology and Practice, The 11^th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation of the Americas, Vancouver, BC, October 22–26, (p. 123). http://bit.ly/2qCV3P8

Denkowski, M., Lavie, A., Lacruz, I., & Dyer, C. (2014b). Real time adaptive machine translation for post-editing with cdec and TransCenter. In U. Germann, M. Carl, P. Koehn, G. Sanchis-Trilles, F. Casacuberta, R. Hill, & S. O’Brien (Eds.), Proceedings of the Workshop on Human and Computer-Assisted Translation (HaCat), 14^th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL 2014). Gothenburg, Sweden, April 26, 2014, (pp. 72–77)

Lacruz, I., Shreve, G. M., & Angelone, E. (2012). Average pause ratio as an indicator of cognitive effort in post-editing: A case study. In S. O’Brien, M. Simard, & L. Specia (Eds.), Proceedings from AMTA 2012, 10^th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation of the Americas, Workshop on Post-Editing Technology and Practice (WPTP 2012), San Diego, CA, October 28–November 1, (pp. 1–10)

Shreve, G. M., Lacruz, I., & Angelone, E. (2011). Sight translation and speech disfluency: Performance analysis as a window to cognitive translation processes. In E. Tiselius, A. Hild & C. Alvstad (Eds.), Methods and strategies of process research: Integrative approaches in translation studies (pp. 93–120). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Shreve, G. M., Lacruz, I., & Angelone, E. (2010). Cognitive effort, syntactic disruption, and visual interference in a sight translation task. In G. M. Shreve & E. Angelone (Eds.), Translation and cognition (pp. 63–84). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Lacruz, I, & Folk, J. R. (2004). Feed-forward and feed-back consistency effects for high and low frequency words in lexical decision and naming. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 57(7), (pp. 1261–1284).